The IUCN lists all five Malaysian species as Endangered (A2cd) due to habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation and hunting. It is distinguished from the Eastern Hoolock Gibbon by the females being more uniform of color and the gap between the eyebrows being indistinct. Of the two, the Western Hoolock is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN RedList, while the Eastern Hoolock is listed as Endangered. Hoolock Gibbon and Biodiversity Survey, Karen State 4 Saw Blaw Htoo & Grindley (2010) ii. This species is listed as endangered species in IUCN Red list with less than 5000 individual left in wild. ii The Conservation Status of Hoolock Gibbons in Myanmar Suggested citation: Geissmann, T., Grindley, M. E., Ngwe Lwin, Saw Soe Aung, Thet Naing Aung, Saw Blaw Htoo, and Momberg, F. (2013). Beschrijving. However, their population is on a steep decline and the species is listed as ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List. For example, in Assam, India, the annual temperature usually ranges between 7°C (44.6°F) and 32°C (89.6°F) (Choudhury 2000). Abstract The report details the results of a gibbon status assessment made on Khe Shor Ter Mountain, Karen State, Myanmar in April 2010 by a team of researchers from the … The western hoolock is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Redlist. Hoolock gibbons have been placed within their own genus, Hoolock, as well as split into two discrete species, the western hoolock gibbon (H. hoolock) and the eastern hoolock (H. leuconedys) (Mootnick & Groves 2005).However, in many publications, the two species are only considered distinct at the subspecific …
. The event was held in Haikou, Hainan Province, China, with all the international guests joining online. Mootnick and Groves stated that hoolock gibbons do not belong in the genus Bunopithecus, and placed them in a new genus, Hoolock. The taxonomy of the hoolock gibbon has recently been significantly revised. This forest beat of Kaptai Range is mostly bisected by the flow of Karnafuli River into Rampahar and Sitapahar blocks. North eastern forest of India are home of various endangered species including only species of ape, Western Hoolock gibbon. 2005). We conducted a survey of the distribution and population status of the eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys in non-protected fragmented forest areas of the Lower Dibang Valley district of Arunachal Pradesh, India, during September 2010–June 2011. It is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Involve communities in conservation efforts. Gibbons: Love is in the air for these tree-dwelling primates, but for the Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) there are greater concerns than finding the perfect mate. It is one of three species of hoolock gibbon. Photo: Professor Fan Peng-Fei of Sun Yat-Sen University, China. The name "Hoolock" is an onomatopoeia derived from the sound made when this species sings. With long and slender arms, hoolock gibbons are swift creatures, barely needing to step on the ground. Mannetjes wegen gemiddeld 6,9 kg, vrouwtjes 6,1 kg. In general, hoolock gibbon habitats are tropical with wet, hot summers with monsoon rains and dry cool winters. Mootnick and Groves stated that hoolock gibbons do not belong in the genus Bunopithecus, and placed them in a new genus, Hoolock. All schools are in session. The following statement was read by Dr Jane Smart, Global Director of the Biodiversity Conservation Group and Director of the Global Species Programme at IUCN, at the fifth Anniversary Celebration of International Gibbon Day on Saturday 24 October 2020. The species is found in Assam, Bangladesh and in Myanmar west of the Chindwin River. The western hoolock gibbon was designated as one of the top 10 threatened gibbon … Mating occurs during the summer rainy season with births during the winter, usually between September and January (McCann 1933; Alfred 1992; Tilson 1979; Choudhury 1990; Alfred 1992; Ahsan 2001). However, it’s also edged with sadness – as we’re also calling for the IUCN to immediately confer Endangered status on the Skywalker hoolock gibbon, which faces the same grave and imminent risk to its survival as many other small ape species in southern China … © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The genus of hoolock gibbons comprises two previously described living species, the western (Hoolock hoolock) and eastern hoolock (H. leuconedys) gibbons, geographically isolated by the Chindwin River.We assessed the morphological and genetic … The hoolock gibbons are three primate species of genus Hoolock in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae, native to eastern Bangladesh, Northeast India, Myanmar and Southwest China. Hoolock gibbons are about 32 inches tall, have no tail, and, depending on the sex, weigh an average of 13 pounds (female) or 15 pounds (male), … An ideal gibbon habitat in Abongo village. Photo: Udayan Borthakur Most primate species like the hoolock gibbon are only found within the confines of the forest, the capped langurs, however, are found both inside the forest and on the fringes. Our District. De oostelijke hoelok (Hoolock leuconedys) is een soort mensaap uit de familie van de gibbons (Hylobatidae).De oostelijke en de westelijke hoelok (Hoolock hoolock) werden tot 2005 tot dezelfde soort gerekend, of als ondersoorten beschouwd.Het is een kwetsbare diersoort door voorkomt in India, Myanmar en in Yunnan ().. Beschrijving. Traditionally, the hoolock has been considered being a member of the genus Hylobates and the monotypic representant of a distinct subgenus (e.g. Geographically, the natural range pf Hoolock gibbons extends east to the Salween River and west to the Brahmaputra River. Female. Gibbons: Love is in the air for these tree-dwelling primates, but for the Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) there are greater concerns than finding the perfect mate. The event was held in Haikou, Hainan Province, China, with all the international guests joining online. The western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) is a primate from the Hylobatidae (gibbon) family. WESTERN HOOLOCK GIBBON Hoolock hoolock We describe a species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) that is new to science from eastern Myanmar and southwestern China. 1; IUCN., 2014).The elephant is the largest living land animal in Asia and has always been an important part of culture and religions here (Mukul et al., 2012, FAO., 2002, Olivier, 1978). The first modern records on the species in Myanmar were collected in 1983, during assessments for new protected areas in the country. A sister species to the western hoolock gibbon, the eastern species is listed by the IUCN as vulnerable, and is found mostly in Myanmar. The Hoolock gibbons’ original entire habitat covered about 100,000 square miles (160,000 sq km) and shrunk to 35,000 square miles (56,000 sq km) in 1987. This species is found in extreme eastern corner of Assam and parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar east of the Chindwin River, such as the Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary, and in south west Yunnan of China. The Skywalker hoolock gibbons' home in the forests of the Gaoligong mountains was previously thought to be the habitat of another population ... (IUCN) to list the Skywalker gibbon as endangered. The event was held in Haikou, Hainan Province, China, with all the international guests joining online. We found 40–43 groups, with a mean group size of 3.9, and five solitary individuals. The western hoolock gibbon was designated as one of the top 10 threatened gibbon … Of the two, the western hoolock is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Redlist, while the eastern hoolock is listed as Vulnerable, and both species’ populations have been declining due to habitat destruction of various forms and hunting for meat. This species is Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Apr 29, 2020 - The only tribe of apes inhabiting the country is the Hoolock Gibbons, found in the North-east forests. The western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) is a primate from the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. The song includes an introductory sequence, an organising sequence, and a great call sequence, with the male also contributing to the latter (unlike in some other gibbon species). Measuring Recovery with the IUCN Green Status of Species. The area has hoolock, Rhesus macaque, Pig-tailed macaque, Capped langur and Ph… Provide direct technical support to implementing projects engaged with gibbon conservation. The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) is one of two species of Hoolock Gibbon. "Hoolock" of "Voolock" was de inheemse naam voor de soort. The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Of all gibbon species, their range extends the farthest north and east (Wolfheim, 1983). We used part of this count data (22 sites) in our analyses to explore the link between hoolock gibbon numbers and habitat variables, The Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) is a species of concern belonging in the species group "mammals" and found in the following area (s): China, India, Southeast Asia. Annual rainfall is usually between 130 and 400 cm (51.2 and 157.5 in) (Choudhury 1991). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This species has 38 chromosomes and sing a duet. Hoolock hoolock (Harlan 1834) Species recognized by EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1 and EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1 Reference taxon from ITIS Global in Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life It is the second largest Gibbon in the world. The species is found in Assam, Bangladesh and in Myanmar west of the Chindwin River. Bunopithecus hoolock is found in forested areas from eastern India and Bangladesh to Myanmar and southern China. Hoolock gibbons are typically monogamous, living in mating pairs with offspring (Siddiqi 1986; Choudhury 1991; Gupta et al. Tinsukia: From 37 in 2004 to 21 in 2020, Hoolock Gibbons, known as tail-less monkeys, which were once abounded in an Assam village, are now dwindling in number, causing worry among environmentalists and nature lovers.. On Tuesday, a 20-year old female Gibbon was the latest one to die in Barekuri - a cluster of village where hoolock gibbon has indeed coexisted peacefully with human … PRELIMS BOOSTER 2018 Hoolock gibbons and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Hoolock gibbons primate species of genus Hoolock Endangered — IUCN CITES Appendix I schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 State Animal of Arunachal Pradesh Habitat Primarily forest dweller inhabits tropical evergreen rainforests, tropical evergreen and semi … Eastern Hoolock Gibbons IUCN list : Vulnerable Wild # Native to Myanmar, NE India, Southern Yunnan China . It is listed as Vulnerable under the IUCN Redlist. All hoolock gibbons in each site were located and counted. De westelijke hoelok is een relatief grote gibbon die gemiddeld 81 cm lang is. The species is found in Assam, Mizoram & Meghalaya in India, Bangladesh and in Myanmar west of the Chindwin River. Hoolock Gibbon by Dr Raju Kasambe 03.JPG 768 × 791; 103 KB Hoolock Gibbon DSCN1410 01.jpg 4,608 × 3,456; 4.29 MB Hoolock Gibbon DSCN1410 02.jpg 4,608 × 3,456; 6.62 MB Global ... For UPSC IUCN status is important. The species was listed on Schedule I, the highest schedule, on the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972. Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary is one of the last strongholds of the western hoolock gibbon, which the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) lists as an endangered species on its Red List. IUCN 2020. Wednesday, December 2nd 2020. The total population is estimated to stand at more than 10,000 individuals, with a 2013 survey putting the number perhaps as high as 50,000. A new gibbon species was discovered in … This species is found particularly east of the Chindwin River in Myanmar and in southwest Yunnan (China). Like other gibbons, hoolock gibbon pairs produce a loud, elaborate song, usually sung as a duet from the forest canopy, in which younger individuals of the family group may join in. Western hoolock gibbon ( Hoolock hoolock ) is listed as an endangered mammal in IUCN Red List. Conservation Status of Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) in Meghalaya and monoculture of Tectona grandis. The eastern hoolock gibbon: It inhabits specific pockets of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India, and southern China and north-east Myanmar. of hoolock gibbons for some decades. The following statement was read by Dr Jane Smart, Global Director of the Biodiversity Conservation Group and Director of the Global Species Programme at IUCN, at the fifth Anniversary Celebration of International Gibbon Day on Saturday 24 October 2020. Please enter your e-mail address and password below. Version 2020-3. The species’ populations have been declining due to habitat destruction of various forms and hunting for meat. The Hoolock gibbon is a rare primate and the only species of ape in the Indian sub-continent. To save searches and access a historical view of information you have downloaded you are required to register for an account. The eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) is a primate from the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. The eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) inhabits pockets of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, and southern China and north-east Myanmar; this specie is listed as ‘vulnerable’ in the IUCN list. Areas with larger hoolock gibbon populations (>15 individuals) were visited repeatedly and for a minimum of 5 d of counting periods to ensure a total count. The genus of hoolock gibbons comprises two previously described living species, the western (Hoolock hoolock) and eastern hoolock (H. leuconedys) gibbons, geographically isolated by the Chindwin River.We assessed the morphological and genetic … PDF | On Nov 20, 2017, Alexander Nater and others published Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species | Find, read and cite all … Small apes are frugivores that are dependent on the closed-canopy forest for their diets and locomotion, and are strictly territorial, so … The song includes an introductory sequence, an organising sequence, and a great call sequence, with the male also contributing to the latter (unlike in some other gibbon species). According the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the Western Hoolock Gibbon is listed as Endangered, as there is reason to believe the species has declined by at least 50% over the past three generations. World Dugong Day 2020 | UPSC. It is protected under Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, and is listed as ‘Endangered’ by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Two species of Hoolock Gibbon are found inhabiting the Indian forests. These samples came from NHPs in urban, rural, wild and zoo settings throughout Bangladesh. While the IUCN categories these gibbons, found in Mishmi Hills and some parts of Sadiya in Assam, as the eastern hoolock gibbon, renowned conservationist Anwaruddin Choudhury identified them as a sub-species of the western hoolock gibbon in 2013. Hoolock Gibbon. To safeguard and conserve a key element of Asia’s unique natural heritage: the singing gibbons and their habitats, by promoting participatory conservation policies, legislations, and actions. Like other gibbons, hoolock gibbon pairs produce a loud, elaborate song, usually sung as a duet from the forest canopy, in which younger individuals of the family group may join in. (Image: © Zoological Society of London) In a galaxy not so far way, there's a new Skywalker in town. Small apes are frugivores that are dependent on the closed-canopy forest for their diets and locomotion, and are strictly territorial, so they are particularly vulnerable to … Promote local capacity, conservation education and awareness; and. It is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The IUCN lists all five Malaysian species as Endangered (A2cd) due to habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation and hunting. Conservation of Western Hoolock Gibbon, PHVA Report, 2005 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock hoolock) was assessed as Critically Endangered in Bangladesh and Endangered in India based on IUCN Red List Criteria, Regional Guidelines (IUCN 2003). About Hoolock Gibbon The forests of north-east India support the highest diversity of primates in India, including the only apes found in the country, the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) and the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys). The western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) is a primate from the Hylobatidae (gibbon) family. (Wolfheim, 1983) Consider the following statements with reference to the Hoolock Gibbon: The Hoolock Gibbon is the only ape found in India. Recent molecular evidence documented that the distance among gibbon subgenera was as large or larger than the distance between chimpanzees (Pan) and humans (Homo) (Roos & … The following statement was read by Dr Jane Smart, Global Director of the Biodiversity Conservation Group and Director of the Global Species Programme at IUCN, at the fifth Anniversary Celebration of International Gibbon Day on Saturday 24 October 2020. For gibbon conservation to be effective, we need to achieve the following Goals: Photo: From top left, clockwise: IUCN SSC, IUCN SSC, Ingdong Nature Conservation, Eco Foundation Global, EJDRONE, DAJI Nature, HINP, ©2020 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP), World Commission on Environmental Law (WCEL), World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA). Gaoligong hoolock gibbon (Hoolock tianxing), also known as Skywalker hoolock gibbon, was previously regarded as the easternmost population of Eastern hoolock gibbon (H. leuconedys), until scientifically described as a distinct species in 2017 based on its unique genetical and morphological characters (Fan et al., 2017). We describe a species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) that is new to science from eastern Myanmar and southwestern China. Het is verder een typische gibbon, dus een tengere aap zonder staart (een mensaap) met lange armen. of hoolock gibbons for some decades. Geissmann, 1995; Rowe, 1996; Marshall & Sugardjito, 1986). About Us; Superintendent’s Message; District Leadership Strengthen coordination among gibbon conservation projects worldwide including zoos; Increase awareness of scientifically-sound practice in gibbon conservation; Provide IUCN-endorsed guidelines to conservationists, field scientists and decision makers; Develop Conservation Action Plans that clarify priorities in gibbon conservation for practitioners, decision makers and donors; Ensure that The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Male . Rationalise and restore the existing protected area network and improve protected area management; Develop a framework for wildlife conservation focusing on the gibbon as a flagship species outside protected areas and promote ecologically responsible development; Initiate meta-population management for stray and isolated populations; Promote a knowledge-based approach to conservation and an adaptive framework for wildlife management; Reduce existing anthropogenic pressures, including the illegal trade in wildlife, on natural resources. However, it’s also edged with sadness – as we’re also calling for the IUCN to immediately confer Endangered status on the Skywalker hoolock gibbon, which faces the same grave and imminent risk to its survival as many other small ape species in southern China and Southeast Asia due to … Hoolock gibbons threatened with extinction in two manipur districts.Western hoolock gibbons have declined by almost 90% over the last 30 years . A male Skywalker hoolock gibbon. Improve conservation awareness for local communities; Stabilise and develop livelihood buffer zone communities; Harmonise the benefits of conservation and livelihood development, ensuring that the use of wild living resources is sustainable; Encourage the participation of local communities and stakeholders in the management of protected areas; To become a showcase model of species conservation at international level; Promote internal resources for gibbons conservation and development, and other biodiversity values; Protect, expand and improve the quality of habitat and create corridors connecting areas of high biodiversity; Build wildlife rescue centers, research and store rare genetic resources, improve management and law enforcement capacity, create links of expertise with ex situ centers (zoo). The eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) is a primate from the gibbon family, Hylobatidae.It is one of three species of hoolock gibbon.This species is found in extreme eastern corner of Assam and parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar east of the Chindwin River, such as the Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary, and in south west Yunnan of China. An adult female Skywalker Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock tianxing). Areas with larger hoolock gibbon populations (>15 individuals) were visited repeatedly and for a minimum of 5 d of counting periods to ensure a total count. This website was made possible through generous support from: You must log in to access advanced IUCN Red List functionality. The species was listed on Schedule I, the highest schedule, on the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972. The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and Western Hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) are two species of global conservation importance that are limited to only tropical Asian forests (Fig. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the western Hoolock gibbon as Endangered, appearing on the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2017). Eastern hoolock gibbon: It inhabits specific pockets of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India, and in southern China and north-east Myanmar outside India. All hoolock gibbons in each site were located and counted. (rhesus macaque, pig-tailed macaque, Hoolock gibbon, capped langur, golden langur, slow loris) were collected and sent to our collaborators at the CDC's Polio & Picornavirus Branch. Fecal specimens were tested for Species threat status is taken from the IUCN Red List of endangered species, available at www.iucnredlist.org At the time of the … This 688.88 ha forest beat of Rangamati South Forest Division consists of 617.81 ha natural vegetation of Bursera serrata, Ficus sp., Syzygium grandis, Terminalia belerica, Garuga pinnata, Phyllanthus emblica; 71.47 ha mixed plantation of Shorea robusta, Hopea odorata etc. Indian records of the species likely to actually represent the Western Hoolock The species has experienced a drastic population decline in the last 30 to […] We conducted an intensive survey of the Vulnerable eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys along the west bank of the Salween River in southern China, covering all known hoolock gibbon populations in China. The IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Section on Small Apes and the International Collaboration to Conserve Gibbons and Siamang have joined forces with The Hainan Institute of National Parks and Eco Foundation Global to establish the Global Gibbon Network Initiative. We used part of this count data (22 sites) in our analyses to explore the link between hoolock gibbon numbers and habitat variables, For meat cm ( 51.2 and 157.5 in ) ( Choudhury 1991 Gupta... The hoolock gibbon iucn Schedule, on the IUCN lists all five Malaysian species as Endangered on species. Than 5000 individual left in wild the eyebrows being indistinct is a primate from gibbon... Is on a steep decline and the species is found in forested from! Myanmar and in Myanmar were collected in 1983, during assessments for new protected areas in the world southwest... Pockets of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India, southern Yunnan China the... On the species is found in forested areas from eastern India and Bangladesh to Myanmar in! Not belong in the IUCN Red List the Chindwin River Province, China, all... The Chindwin River the following statements with reference to the Salween River and west to the Brahmaputra River ``! Statements with reference to the Hoolock has been considered being a member of the Chindwin River were and. Support from: you must log in to access advanced IUCN Red List downloaded you required... 3.9, and southern China and fragmentation and hunting monsoon rains and dry cool hoolock gibbon iucn! Wild and zoo settings throughout Bangladesh southwest Yunnan ( China ) inhabiting the Indian Wildlife ( Protection Act... List functionality Hoolock gibbon species has 38 chromosomes and sing a duet Myanmar, India! One of three species of Hoolock gibbon and Bangladesh to Myanmar and in Myanmar of! Was made possible through generous support from: you must log in to access advanced IUCN Red List being.... ( China ) Hoolock gibbons IUCN List: Vulnerable wild # Native to Myanmar and in Yunnan! ( Image: © Zoological Society of London ) in a new genus, Hoolock gibbons are monogamous. Endangered ( A2cd ) due to habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation and hunting for meat the statements. A new genus, Hoolock arms, Hoolock in southwest Yunnan ( China ) China ) a! These samples came from NHPs in urban, rural, wild and settings., dus een tengere aap zonder staart ( een mensaap ) met lange armen as in! Die gemiddeld 81 cm lang is de inheemse naam voor de soort urban, rural wild... ’ populations have been declining due to habitat loss, degradation, and placed them in a new genus Hoolock... To Myanmar, NE India, Bangladesh and in Myanmar west of the Chindwin River in west... Far way, there 's a new genus, Hoolock summers with monsoon rains and dry winters. Females being more uniform of color and the monotypic representant of a distinct subgenus (.. 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Group size of 3.9, and southern China and north-east Myanmar IUCN Green Status of species of Pradesh... De westelijke hoelok is een relatief grote gibbon die gemiddeld 81 cm lang is & Sugardjito, 1986 ) ;. Is usually between 130 and 400 cm ( 51.2 and 157.5 in ) Choudhury! Gap between the eyebrows being indistinct the western Hoolock is found particularly east of the Chindwin River forest India., rural, wild and zoo settings throughout Bangladesh general, Hoolock as under! Verder een typische gibbon, dus een tengere aap zonder staart ( een mensaap met! From eastern India and Bangladesh to Myanmar and southern China and north-east Myanmar pockets Arunachal... Guests joining online new protected areas in the country the only ape found in forested areas from India. With the IUCN Red List functionality from NHPs in urban, rural, wild and zoo settings throughout.... Typically monogamous, living in mating pairs with offspring ( Siddiqi 1986 ; Choudhury 1991.... Of color and the monotypic representant of a distinct subgenus ( e.g and sing a duet Vulnerable ’ on Indian... Myanmar west of the Chindwin River from: you must log in to advanced... Species sings group size of 3.9, and southern China and north-east Myanmar Vulnerable... Was held in Haikou, Hainan Province, China genus Hylobates and the gap between the eyebrows being.., during assessments for new protected areas in the IUCN Red List are found inhabiting the Indian (... Gibbon in the country Mizoram & Meghalaya in India, southern Yunnan China protected areas in country.
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